Biomimetic Nanocarriers for Glioblastoma Therapy: Translational Advances and Strategic Challenges

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common type of brain tumor, characterized by rapid growth and infiltration, as well as high resistance to conventional treatments. Given the persistent challenge posed by the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) to effective drug delivery, a shift in therapeutic strategies is required. Biomimetic nanocarriers (BNCs) represent a promising approach for the targeted treatment of malignant brain tumors. By replicating biological structures and functions, BNCs enhance drug stability, facilitate penetration across the BBB, and promote tumor-specific targeting while minimizing the risk of systemic toxicity. These nanocarriers can be engineered using a wide variety of biomaterials, including cell membranes, liposomes, and polymeric systems. Recent preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that BNCs provide a viable method to increase drug bioavailability and therapeutic activity. However, several translational challenges remain, including formulation stability, immunogenicity, regulatory acceptability, and large-scale manufacturing. This review discusses recent advances in BNCs for GBM treatment, drug-targeting strategies, and the structural hurdles that limit their clinical translation. Furthermore, we examine emerging multimodal approaches that integrate BNCs with immunotherapy and gene therapy to enhance personalized GBM treatment.