Design-to-operation optimization of low-energy high-rise buildings integrating PV vacuum glazing and hybrid storage with flexible grid-interaction

Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technologies offer significant decarbonization potential, while their intermittent nature and the relatively low power generation ratio in high-rise structures necessitate optimal design sizing and operational management. This study presents a comprehensive full-process optimization framework for low-energy high-rise buildings integrating semi-transparent PV vacuum glazing and hybrid energy storage system. The research adopts a three-stage methodology: first, a year-round energy simulation is conducted using a coupled platform of WINDOW and EnergyPlus for a typical high-rise building in the Greater Bay Area. Second, a transient energy management model is developed in TRNSYS, utilizing a multi-objective Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm via jEPlus+EA to optimize design sizing parameters based on a novel preset grid import strategy. Finally, a dynamic operational power dispatch model is established using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming in MATLAB to minimize the daily electricity cost. Results indicate that the PV vacuum glazing achieves a 30.75% reduction in annual net building energy consumption compared with traditional insulated glazing unit. The design sizing optimization identifies an optimal configuration for the BIPV and storage system at 400 kW rooftop PV, 4500 kWh battery storage and 100 kW preset grid import, which decreases the lifetime net present value by 7.93% and increases load shifting by 32.94%. Furthermore, the operation power dispatch optimization significantly outperforms the traditional strategy of maximizing PV utilization, reducing the annual electricity cost by 46.42% and enhancing the onsite load cover ratio by 38.65%. This full-process optimization framework provides a vital reference for stakeholders to improve the power efficiency and energy economy of BIPV systems in both the design phase and operation phase in high-density urban environments.