Modeling and evaluating a smart green automated parking system with charging stations

With the growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), the challenge of locating suitable charging stations and parking spaces has intensified. This study examines an intelligent, eco-friendly automated parking system capable of both parking and charging vehicles autonomously. The system is a multi-tiered automated structure integrated with electric vehicle charging stations. We compare two storage policies—shared (tiers are fungible) vs. dedicated (tiers reserved by type)—and two charging strategies (fast vs. slow). Across tested populations and charging shares, shared storage yields higher throughput (particularly with fast charging), while slow charging reduces energy use when SLAs permit. We additionally report mean and P95 (high-percentile delays used in our performance evaluation) waits and utilizations to support operational SLAs. We incorporated both fast and slow charging strategies. Additionally, the environmental implications of the system are analyzed, accounting for factors such as system configuration, equipment characteristics, and the charging infrastructure. The validity of the analytical models is confirmed through simulations that replicate practical applications. The findings indicate that the shared storage policy provides superior performance over the dedicated storage policy. Furthermore, the slow charging strategy results in lower energy consumption compared to the fast charging strategy. These system characteristics significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions.