Load-Carrying Capacity of Hybrid Concrete-Filled FRP Piles

Piles are structural members subjected to combined compression and bending and are typically constructed in soil or underwater environments. As a result, they are exposed to moisture, chloride attack, and various chemical agents, which may lead to cross-sectional deterioration. These environmental effects can reduce structural durability and should be appropriately considered during the design stage. In practice, compression members are rarely subjected to pure axial loads because eccentricity and lateral loads generally induce combined compression and bending actions. Therefore, the interaction between compression and bending should be carefully considered in structural design. This study experimentally and analytically evaluated the load-carrying capacity of hybrid concrete-filled FRP piles subjected to combined compression and bending. Based on the findings, a P–M interaction diagram was developed to predict the strength and behavior of hybrid concrete-filled FRP piles.