How Agricultural Land‐Use Conversion Shapes Household Food Consumption Patterns: Evidence From Madura Island, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Agricultural land‐use conversion is a growing challenge in rural areas, reshaping farming livelihoods and household food systems. While its economic impacts have been widely studied, limited evidence exists on how land‐use change interacts with farmers' socioeconomic characteristics to influence household food consumption. This study analyzes the relationship between agricultural land‐use conversion and household food consumption patterns among smallholder farmers on Madura Island, Indonesia, with particular attention to energy adequacy and dietary quality. A survey of 125 farming households was conducted across five land‐use categories: land converted into residential areas, business units, land sales, unmanaged land, and no land‐use change. Food consumption quantity was assessed using the energy adequacy rate (EAR), whereas dietary quality was measured using the partial desirable dietary pattern (DDP) index. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was employed to examine multidimensional associations between farmer characteristics including age, education, household dependency, family labor support, farmer group participation, and off‐farm employment and dietary quality categories. The results indicate that land‐use conversion does not substantially reduce household energy adequacy, as average caloric intake across all groups meets or slightly exceeds the recommended level of 2100 kcal per capita per day. However, dietary quality remains consistently low, with partial DDP scores ranging from 26.53 to 34.43, far below the ideal benchmark of 67.5, reflecting limited consumption of nutrient‐dense foods. MCA findings reveal that dietary quality is more strongly influenced by socioeconomic characteristics particularly education and engagement in off‐farm employment than by land‐use conversion status alone. These findings suggest that socioeconomic factors, particularly education and income diversification, are more closely associated with dietary quality than land‐use conversion status alone, highlighting the importance of livelihood and human capital development in regions undergoing agricultural land transformation.