Advanced Ionovoltaic Energy Generation via Interlayer-Enabled Hydrodynamic Regulation

Abstract Energy harvesting from the natural water motion has attracted growing attention as the demand for renewable and sustainable energy sources increases. However, an insufficient understanding of the underlying energy generation mechanism, particularly the effect of hydrodynamics in ion transport and potential development, often leads to unstable output and limited efficiency, hindering the practical deployment of such technology. In this regard, hydrodynamic regulation through structural engineering is essential, but it remains largely overlooked. Herein, a flow-regulating interlayer is designed to significantly enhance the power output of a Ti3C2Tx MXene-based energy harvester, and the energy generation mechanism is validated by controlling hydrodynamics. The interlayer consists of a framework of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) integrated with a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) binder, which modulates the water flow in both vertical and lateral directions, enabling stable potential development and continuous power generation. These effects yield an approximately 153–fold increase in output power and remarkable operational stability compared with the pristine device. Experimental and computational analyses reveal that controlled water motion governs efficient interfacial interaction and potential formation, leading to continuous high power generation. The results provide insights into structural and material design for converting flowing water into electricity with improved efficiency and stability, offering a sustainable strategy for harvesting energy from water motion.