A Comprehensive Review of Modeling and Control Techniques of LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC Systems

The rapid advancement of power electronic devices has accelerated the widespread adoption of Line-Commutated Converter (LCC) and Voltage Source Converter (VSC) technologies as leading solutions for high-voltage industrial applications. These technologies have become fundamental components of modern high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems and advanced Industrial Machine-Drive (IMD) systems. This review presents a comprehensive comparison between conventional LCC technology and the more recent VSC technology, highlighting the operational advantages, limitations, and application suitability of each approach. In addition, it provides an in-depth examination of hierarchical control architectures employed in both LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC systems. As these systems are increasingly required to operate closer to their performance limits, the implementation of robust and efficient control strategies has become essential for ensuring stability, reliability, and optimal performance. Consequently, a wide range of control techniques has been developed to address the inherent nonlinearities and parameter uncertainties present in power systems. This review evaluates and compares both conventional and advanced control methods, including Proportional–Integral (PI) control, Variable Coefficient PI (V-PI), Fuzzy PI, Self-Tuning Fuzzy PI (STF-PI), Fractional Order PI (FOPI), Variable Coefficient Fractional Order PI (V-FOPI), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS), and Model Predictive Control (MPC). Their performance is assessed across a range of operating conditions, with emphasis on dynamic response, robustness, and overall control effectiveness.