A Review of Synthesis, Aggregation Properties and In Vitro Biomedical Applications of Multidentate Amphiphiles, Dendrimer Lipids and Cholic Acid Derivatives

ABSTRACT Different linkers connecting multiple polar head group amphiphiles, dendrimer head group cationic lipids, and cholic acid derivatives exhibit interfacial aggregation properties at the air‐liquid interfaces. These are characterized by conductance, surface tension, emission spectroscopy, ITC, SANS, DLS, TEM, and viscosity analysis. Their aggregation properties could provide new insight about the importance of micelles, because they keep hydrophobic drugs inside the bulk phases to enhance in vivo therapeutic efficacy, gene therapy, pharmaceutics, cancer cells, genetic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, target tissue, etc. Also, the polar head group of multi‐head surfactants could exhibit in vitro antibacterial activity through electrostatically interacting with negatively charged microbial cell membranes in addition to leakage of intracellular contents. Different dendrimer glycolipids are used to prepare the lipoarabinomannan capsules, displaying a protective tendency against cancer, herpes virus, and genetic diseases. The carboxylate groups of cholic acid were esterified in alkali media to yield biodegradable and low‐toxicity three trimethylammonium head groups containing a cholic acid derivative. Those are displayed in various applications, such as ion transport, membrane permeability, and pharmaceutical activity. The main novelty is to study the interfacial micellar aggregation of multiheaded surfactants, dendrimer lipids, and derivatives of cholic acid to determine the internal microscopic structures of micelles and spontaneous micellization at water interfaces. Additionally, synthesized multi‐head gemini can enhance the activity of DNA complexes, efficient gene therapy, and therapeutic efficacy in future perspectives.