Chronic inflammation in ovarian cancer: molecular signaling pathways and advances in targeted therapeutic strategies

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest malignancies among women and is often diagnosed at advanced stages. Chronic inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and progression of this cancer by promoting tumor growth and spread through the continuous activation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK. This review examines the relationship between chronic inflammation and OC and analyzes the molecular mechanisms regulated by inflammatory pathways, particularly within the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, the role of immune cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), in sustaining chronic inflammation and influencing tumor properties is discussed. In the therapeutic domain, emerging opportunities for targeting inflammatory pathways are reviewed, focusing on agents such as bortezomib, ruxolitinib, everolimus, and trametinib. The combination of these targeted therapies with immunotherapy and other treatment strategies is also explored to enhance therapeutic response and overcome drug resistance. Finally, the challenges and limitations of implementing targeted therapies in OC management are examined.