PUMA PUNKU, TIWANAKU, AND INCA IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE: Metrological Analysis, Quantogram Identification, and Euclidean Derivation of a Canonical Module

{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"architectural":[3],"modularity":[4],"across":[5],"major":[6],"pre-Columbian":[7],"megalithic":[8],"complexes":[9],"in":[10,97,156],"the":[11,17,56,79,98,107,114,125,135,152],"South-Central":[12],"Andes,":[13],"specifically":[14],"focusing":[15],"on":[16],"Tiwanaku/Puma":[18],"Punku":[19],"horizon":[20],"(ca.":[21,29],"500–1000":[22],"CE)":[23],"and":[24,40,52,132],"Imperial":[25],"Inca":[26],"monumental":[27],"architecture":[28],"1438–1532":[30],"CE).":[31],"Utilizing":[32],"published":[33],"terrestrial":[34],"laser":[35],"scanning":[36],"(TLS),":[37],"close-range":[38],"photogrammetry,":[39],"precision":[41],"tachymetric":[42],"datasets":[43],"(),":[44,133],"we":[45,66],"isolate":[46],"an":[47,62,75,82,91,169],"invariant":[48],"fundamental":[49],"module":[50,150],"()":[51,131],"its":[53],"constitutive":[54],"half-module,":[55],"canonical":[57],"foot":[58],"().":[59,119,145],"Rather":[60],"than":[61,168],"arbitrary":[63],"empirical":[64],"convention,":[65],"demonstrate":[67],"via":[68,141],"Euclidean":[69],"geometry":[70],"that":[71],"this":[72,128,149],"system":[73,104],"represents":[74],"exact":[76],"trigonometric":[77],"derivation:":[78],"projection":[80],"of":[81,127,138,148],"equilateral":[83],"triangle":[84],"(":[85],"symmetry,":[86],"factor":[87],")":[88],"constructed":[89],"over":[90],"elementary":[92],"stonecutting":[93],"increment":[94],"(,":[95],"anchored":[96],"base-81":[99],"geodetic":[100],"fathom":[101],").":[102],"The":[103,146],"organically":[105],"generates":[106],"classical":[108,115],"cubic":[109],"root":[110],"constant":[111],",":[112],"yielding":[113],"five-sixths":[116],"royal":[117],"cubit":[118],"Kendall’s":[120],"cosine":[121],"quantogram":[122],"independently":[123],"confirms":[124],"existence":[126],"quantum":[129],"at":[130],"rejecting":[134],"null":[136],"hypothesis":[137],"unstandardized":[139],"construction":[140],"Monte":[142],"Carlo":[143],"simulation":[144],"identification":[147],"resolves":[151],"long-standing":[153],"lexicographical":[154],"ambiguity":[155],"early":[157],"Aymara":[158],"ethnohistorical":[159],"records":[160],"regarding":[161],"Luk'a":[162],"as":[163],"a":[164],"\\"double":[165],"foot\\"":[166],"rather":[167],"anatomical":[170],"forearm.":[171]}

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-09-14
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22751148
Primary Topic
Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Type
preprint
Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
preprint

PUMA PUNKU, TIWANAKU, AND INCA IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE: Metrological Analysis, Quantogram Identification, and Euclidean Derivation of a Canonical Module

Boris Starčević
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
preprint

PUMA PUNKU, TIWANAKU, AND INCA IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE: Metrological Analysis, Quantogram Identification, and Euclidean Derivation of a Canonical Module

Boris Starčević
preprint en

Abstract

This study investigates architectural modularity across major pre-Columbian megalithic complexes in the South-Central Andes, specifically focusing on the Tiwanaku/Puma Punku horizon (ca. 500–1000 CE) and Imperial Inca monumental architecture (ca. 1438–1532 CE). Utilizing published terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), close-range photogrammetry, and precision tachymetric datasets (), we isolate an invariant fundamental module () and its constitutive half-module, the canonical foot (). Rather than an arbitrary empirical convention, we demonstrate via Euclidean geometry that this system represents an exact trigonometric derivation: the projection of an equilateral triangle ( symmetry, factor ) constructed over an elementary stonecutting increment (, anchored in the base-81 geodetic fathom ). The system organically generates the classical cubic root constant , yielding the classical five-sixths royal cubit (). Kendall’s cosine quantogram independently confirms the existence of this quantum at () and (), rejecting the null hypothesis of unstandardized construction via Monte Carlo simulation (). The identification of this module resolves the long-standing lexicographical ambiguity in early Aymara ethnohistorical records regarding Luk'a as a "double foot" rather than an anatomical forearm.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Sustainable cities and communities
Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.