Ode to Achillea spp.: Archaeological, Historical and Biomolecular Perspectives on an Ancient Medicinal Plant

This paper investigates the long-term medicinal use of Achillea spp. through an interdisciplinary framework that integrates archaeological, historical, and biomolecular evidence. Archaeobotanical remains and the associated archaeological contexts are reviewed to trace the presence and use of yarrow species in the past. In parallel, textual sources from classical antiquity through the medieval period are reported to reconstruct the perceived properties of the herb, its general descriptions, and its therapeutic applications. Particular emphasis is placed on biomolecular data obtained from archaeological materials, as they provide direct evidence of the use of yarrow by past populations throughout history. These data are used to bridge the gap between archaeological and textual records, offering a more robust reconstruction of ancient pharmacological practices. The study further examines the range of diseases possibly treated with Achillea spp. preparations. By integrating archaeology, history of medicine, and biomolecular sciences, this study highlights the value of an interdisciplinary approach for investigating the use of medicinal herbs in the past and advances our ability to reconstruct ancient therapeutic knowledge and practices.