High-Grade Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma of the Distal Tibia Presenting as a Radiographically Benign-Appearing Lesion: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background: Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) of the bone is a rare, high-grade malignancy of uncertain origin, most commonly affecting the extremities of adults. Its diagnosis may be challenging, particularly when clinical and radiological findings are confounded by trauma-related conditions. Case presentation: In this paper, the case of a 51-year-old man who sustained a high-energy trauma resulting in a diaphyseal fracture of the left tibia and fibula, initially treated with intramedullary nailing. Preoperative radiographs raised suspicion of an osteolytic lesion in the distal tibia; however, second-level imaging was performed postoperatively, suggesting a benign process. At initial evaluation at a primary Musculoskeletal Oncology Centre, strict clinical and radiological follow-up was recommended, but the patient failed to adhere. Over the following years, persistent symptoms were attributed to post-traumatic and inflammatory conditions, including suspected complex regional pain syndrome. Progressive clinical deterioration led to repeat imaging, revealing an aggressive lesion. A biopsy (March 2025) ultimately confirmed a primary bone high-grade UPS with no metastasis. Following multidisciplinary discussion, below-knee amputation was performed, achieving clear surgical margins. At one-year CT imaging follow-up, the patient remained disease-free and was able to ambulate with a prosthesis. Conclusions: High-energy trauma and later attribution of symptoms to post-traumatic conditions may complicate the diagnostic process, contributing to diagnostic delay. Early referral to specialised Musculoskeletal Oncology Centres, strict adherence to follow-up, and timely histological confirmation are essential to optimise outcomes. Suspicious bone lesions should always be fully characterised prior to surgical intervention.