Factors affecting muscle strength, muscle mass, physical performance, and sarcopenia in middle-aged menopausal women in Taiwan: A cross-sectional study

This study aimed to investigate factors associated with muscle strength, muscle mass, physical performance, and sarcopenia risk among middle-aged menopausal women in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling among women aged 40-65 years in Taiwan. Data were collected between June 2023 and January 2024 using a demographic and health characteristics questionnaire and sarcopenia-related assessment tools, including the SARC-CalF questionnaire, handgrip strength dynamometer, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and the Short Physical Performance Battery test, based on the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria. Postmenopausal women had lower muscle-related measures and poorer physical performance than premenopausal and perimenopausal women. Lower fat mass, body mass index, lean mass, bone mineral content, waist circumference, and intracellular water were associated with muscle strength, muscle mass, and/or physical performance. Older age and postmenopausal status were also associated with poorer muscle-related outcomes and a higher risk of sarcopenia. Among middle-aged menopausal women in Taiwan, older age, postmenopausal status, and lower body mass index, fat mass, lean mass, bone mineral content, waist circumference, and intracellular water were associated with poorer muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance, as well as a higher risk of sarcopenia. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of muscle health during the menopausal transition.