Protein-Based and Composite Biopolymer Films and Coatings for Sustainable Food Packaging: A Review

The growing demand for sustainable alternatives to synthetic packaging has led to increased interest in eco-friendly protein-based films and coatings. These biodegradable materials, derived from various renewable sources, such as plants, animal, and microbial proteins, offer promising solutions for reducing environmental impact. This review provides a comprehensive overview of protein-based films and coatings, with a particular focus on their incorporation of active ingredients to enhance their functional properties. The physical, mechanical, and microbiological attributes of these materials are discussed in relation to their performance in food packaging and preservation. Physical properties, such as barrier capabilities against moisture, oxygen, and gases, are discussed in relation to protein structure and composition. The mechanical properties, including tensile strength and flexibility, are evaluated to determine the durability and applicability of these films in diverse industrial contexts. Furthermore, the review explores microbiological properties, particularly the integration of antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds to enhance shelf life and food safety. Through an analysis of recent advancements and challenges, this paper highlights the potential of protein-based films and coatings as environmentally sustainable solutions for packaging applications, while addressing future research needs to optimize their functionality and scalability.