SPINet: structure-enhanced point cloud instance segmentation network for multi-plant rice phenotyping

Accurate 3D phenotyping of rice in multi-plant scenarios is important for evaluating yield-related traits and supporting high-throughput breeding. In particular, grain-level instance segmentation from point clouds provides a direct basis for quantifying panicle structure and grain number. However, this task remains challenging because densely grown rice plants often exhibit severe inter-plant occlusion, organ adhesion, and highly similar local structures, making it difficult to simultaneously capture global plant organization and fine-grained grain geometry. To address these challenges, we propose SPINet, a structure-enhanced point cloud instance segmentation network for 3D phenotypic extraction in multi-plant rice scenes. The proposed framework introduces a RiceMamba2 encoder that combines the long-range dependency modeling capability of Mamba2 with a parallel convolutional branch for sequence-neighborhood enhancement, enabling effective representation of both global spatial context and local organ-level details. In addition, a center prior-guided decoder is developed to provide explicit spatial anchors for instance queries, thereby improving the separation of adjacent and adhered rice organs in dense scenes. To further enhance training stability and convergence, a DINO-based denoising strategy is incorporated into the optimization process. Experimental results on the controlled indoor Grouped Rice Dataset (GRD) show that SPINet achieves an average precision (AP) of 65.73%, outperforming OneFormer3D by 31.38 percentage points. Furthermore, grain counting based on the predicted instances obtains a coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) of 0.8532, demonstrating the potential of SPINet for downstream yield-related phenotypic trait extraction. These results suggest that SPINet provides a promising framework for automated 3D rice phenotyping in complex multi-plant scenarios.