Artificial Intelligence in Orthodontics: Part 3—Cautions, Limitations and Future Prospects

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly affecting orthodontic practice and research, yet its adoption requires a careful understanding of both its capabilities and its limitations. As the final part of a three-section review, this paper focuses on the practical cautions and constraints that accompany current AI developments in orthodontics. Topics such as data quality, educational preparedness and the ethical and legal responsibilities surrounding AI use are discussed as essential considerations for preventing errors, misuse and misinterpretation. Technical challenges, including model generalizability, transparency and interpretability, are elucidated in relation to their impact on clinical applicability. Finally, new trends and future directions in the evolution of AI within orthodontics and other fields are described. Together, these perspectives aim to provide a realistic and balanced perspective of how AI can be integrated responsibly into orthodontic care and research.