Variance of random greedy independent sets in triangle-free graphs

This preprint studies the size of the independent set produced by processing the vertices of a fixed finite graph in uniformly random order, accepting each vertex when none of its neighbors has previously been accepted. For every finite simple triangle-free graph G with n ≥ 2 vertices and e edges, we prove the sharp variance bound Var(X_G) ≤ e((n − 2)/n)², with equality precisely for edgeless graphs and connected stars. Consequently, among trees of a given order n, the star uniquely maximizes the variance, attaining (n − 1)(n − 2)²/n². The proof combines expected vertex-deletion stability, a refined centered first-choice estimate, and a triangle-free edge-count identity through the law of total variance. The contribution is the sharp finite-order refinement of the elementary bound Var(X_G) ≤ e, together with the equality classification. Complete proofs are included, with no maximum-degree restriction. The corresponding variance inequality for arbitrary graphs remains unresolved in this work.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-09-13
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22738145
Primary Topic
Limits and Structures in Graph Theory
Type
preprint
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preprint

Variance of random greedy independent sets in triangle-free graphs

Mubin Shaikh
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Limits and Structures in Graph Theory
preprint

Variance of random greedy independent sets in triangle-free graphs

Mubin Shaikh
preprint en

Abstract

This preprint studies the size of the independent set produced by processing the vertices of a fixed finite graph in uniformly random order, accepting each vertex when none of its neighbors has previously been accepted. For every finite simple triangle-free graph G with n ≥ 2 vertices and e edges, we prove the sharp variance bound Var(X_G) ≤ e((n − 2)/n)², with equality precisely for edgeless graphs and connected stars. Consequently, among trees of a given order n, the star uniquely maximizes the variance, attaining (n − 1)(n − 2)²/n². The proof combines expected vertex-deletion stability, a refined centered first-choice estimate, and a triangle-free edge-count identity through the law of total variance. The contribution is the sharp finite-order refinement of the elementary bound Var(X_G) ≤ e, together with the equality classification. Complete proofs are included, with no maximum-degree restriction. The corresponding variance inequality for arbitrary graphs remains unresolved in this work.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Peace, Justice and strong institutions
Limits and Structures in Graph Theory
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