Linking urban form, bus stop typologies, and first–last-mile mode-use patterns: Evidence from an urban–peri-urban transit network in Indonesia

First- and last-mile (FMLM) connectivity remains a major challenge for public transport in rapidly urbanizing metropolitan regions with heterogeneous accessibility conditions. This study examines the relationship between bus-stop typologies and observed FMLM mode-use patterns in the Batik Solo Trans system, Solo Raya, Indonesia. Using 92 bus stops across urban-core and peri-urban areas, the study integrates GIS-based spatial analysis, field observations, and user surveys. Hierarchical and K-Means clustering were applied to urban-form, accessibility, and intermodality indicators to identify five stop typologies, while FMLM mode use was analyzed separately as a behavioral outcome. The results reveal clear spatial–behavioral differentiation. Non-motorized access reaches 84.04 % in the High-Density Urban Commercial Zone, whereas private motorized access reaches 75.40 % in the Peripheral-Isolated Transit Node Zone. Urban typologies generally support more diverse FMLM options, while peri-urban environments show greater private-motorized dependence and limited feeder use. The findings demonstrate that FMLM patterns reflect combinations of spatial and transport conditions rather than individual accessibility indicators alone. By separating spatial classification from behavioral interpretation, the study positions stop typology as a meso-level analytical framework for diagnosing heterogeneous FMLM conditions and supporting context-sensitive planning across urban–peri-urban transit networks.