An optimized machine learning approach for reliable agronomic parameter prediction in precision farming systems

Optimized machine learning models are very important for improving predictive performance in precision agriculture because they let us analyze soil and environmental data in a data-driven way. But conventional predictive methods often can’t be used to make generalizations because agronomic data is often very variable, has nonlinear interactions, and is very different from one another. The study presents an enhanced machine learning-based predictive framework for estimating agricultural parameters utilizing structured numerical soil and environmental datasets. The framework combines systematic data preprocessing, feature selection, and hyperparameter optimization to make models more stable and reliable. The model performance was evaluated using five-fold cross-validation and standard regression metrics, including the Coefficient of Determination (R 2 ), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The average R 2 is 0.696 ± 0.148, the RMSE is 5.160 ± 1.571, and the MAE is 4.636 ± 1.545, which shows that the model can make accurate predictions across all validation folds. Further the classification of the growth stages of spinach is done with an accuracy of 84.63% and with the precision of 85% using the proposed Hybrid ensemble model. The results show that the proposed framework works well with nonlinear agricultural data and could be used for data-driven decisions in precision farming systems.