A Conceptual Framework of Blockchain Technology and Bank Performance: A Resource Orchestration Perspective

Blockchain technology is increasingly used in banking to improve efficiency, transparency, and security. Much of the existing research has examined its adoption and implementation, but less is known about how banks turn blockchain resources into performance benefits after adoption. This paper draws on resource orchestration theory to develop a conceptual framework involving blockchain technology, risk management capability, interbank collaboration, and bank performance. Risk management capability explains how banks can use blockchain resources to support performance, rather than assuming that technological investment produces such outcomes directly. The framework also considers interbank collaboration, as information sharing, resource integration, and coordination between participating banks may strengthen the development of risk management capability. By focusing on this process, the paper shifts attention from blockchain adoption to how banks use technological resources to build organizational capabilities and create value. It also extends resource orchestration theory by considering resource orchestration across organizational boundaries. The proposed relationships can be examined empirically in future research and may help banks better connect blockchain investment with capability development and interbank collaboration.