Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Disparities in Access and Opportunities for Equity

Abstract Purpose of Review This review examines disparities in the use of immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), with a focus on racial, ethnic and socioeconomic differences in access to treatment. We review the current immunotherapy landscape, various factors contributing to inequitable use and representation of minority populations in clinical trials. Recent Findings Immunotherapy use for TNBC has increased rapidly, but disparities in receipt persist, particularly among patients with metastatic disease. Black, Hispanic, uninsured and socioeconomically disadvantaged patients are less likely to receive immunotherapy, while treatment at academic centers is associated with greater use. Inequities in biomarker testing and clinical trial access create additional barriers. Importantly, available evidence suggests comparable outcomes across racial and ethnic groups when immunotherapy is received. Summary Current disparities in immunotherapy outcomes appear to be driven primarily by differences in access rather than treatment efficacy. Improving insurance coverage, biomarker testing, clinical trial representation and access to high quality cancer care will be critical as immunotherapy becomes increasingly integrated into TNBC treatment.