Initial development and psychometric properties of measures of experienced and anticipated stigma for trans adolescents: the TESMA and TASMA scales

Introduction Experienced and anticipated stigma are integral concepts to understand to improve the health of trans adolescents. Valid and contemporary measures of experienced and anticipated stigma that are grounded in the lived experience of trans adolescents are essential tools in these efforts. This study presents the initial development of two new measures for trans adolescents: the Trans Experienced Stigma Measure for Adolescents (TESMA) and the Trans Anticipated Stigma Measure for Adolescents (TASMA).Methods Measures were developed based on interviews with trans adolescents (14–18 years), with items selected by authors, and reviewed by a reference group of trans young people. An exploratory factor analysis and analysis of validity was conducted with data from 355 trans adolescents (16–18 years, M = 17.45) living in Australia, and correlations between measures of anxiety, depression, and wellbeing conducted to assess concurrent validity.Results Exploratory factor analysis indicated each measure fit a single-factor solution, and reliability was excellent. Large, positive correlations with symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as small negative correlations with positive mental wellbeing, provided evidence of concurrent validity. Feedback from participants was minimal but suggested the need for modified response options for both measures.Conclusions Results suggest that the TESMA and TASMA are psychometrically sound and appropriate measures for use with trans adolescents to assess their experienced and anticipated stigma. Future research should seek to confirm the factor structure of these measures in a sample inclusive of younger trans adolescents.