Soil-structure interaction on resilient systems, A state-of-the-art review of modeling approaches, design provisions, mitigation strategies and emerging computational tools

Soil-structure interaction (SSI) governs how the dynamic characteristics of the supporting ground modify the seismic demand, damage distribution and post-earthquake functionality of the built environment, yet its treatment in resilience-oriented design and assessment remains fragmented across disciplines. This review synthesizes the state of the art on SSI with an explicit focus on resilient systems, bringing together (i) the fundamental mechanisms of kinematic and inertial interaction, period elongation, radiation damping and site-city interaction, (ii) the methodological frameworks-direct, substructure, hybrid and domain-reduction approaches-used to analyze coupled soil-foundation-structure systems, (iii) macro (simplified spring-dashpot, Winkler, cone and macro-element) and continuum (finite element, boundary element, material point, smoothed particle hydrodynamics, discrete element, discontinuous deformation and spectral element) representations of the soil domain, (iv) the treatment of SSI in seismic design codes and site-response practice, (v) applications to moment-resisting frames, wall-frame systems, piled and embedded foundations, tall buildings and bridges, including liquefiable deposits, (vi) mitigation strategies-base isolation, geotechnical seismic isolation, tuned mass dampers and viscous dampers-operating in a soil-compliant environment, (vii) emerging machine-learning, physics-informed neural network and digital-twin tools for rapid SSI-aware response prediction, and (viii) resilience frameworks (FEMA P-58-type loss and recovery models, fragility functions and lifecycle/aging-dependent formulations) that explicitly embed foundation flexibility. Drawing on 250 peer-reviewed journal articles, identified through a structured search of Scopus, Web of Science and Crossref, screened against explicit inclusion criteria and verified individually in full text with every citation anchored in the conclusions of the article it cites, the review identifies persistent gaps-heterogeneous modeling assumptions, limited code guidance, scarce experimental validation of resilience metrics under SSI, and the early stage of AI-assisted and digital-twin-enabled SSI-resilience integration-and outlines research priorities for closing them.