Bearing Capacity Prediction for Foundations Embedded in Hoek–Brown Rock Slopes

Abstract A novel upper-bound (UB) finite-element limit analysis (FELA) software, in association with power cone programming, is developed in this research to assess the end bearing capacity of foundations positioned within rock slopes. The framework in this study incorporates the generalized Hoek–Brown failure criterion directly, without recourse to any approximation or smoothing, thus maintaining the accuracy of the rock mass characterization. Advanced analysis features, including quadratic velocity elements and adaptive mesh refinement, are employed to enhance both precision and computational efficiency in estimating the bearing capacity factor N . Calculations performed through the proprietary UB FELA program yield bearing capacity factors N , which are then assembled into user-friendly design charts intended for engineering practice. Furthermore, an in-depth examination of typical failure modes is provided, highlighting the comparative effects of various governing parameters on the bearing capacity outcomes.