Luminescence Enhancement of an Indium(III) Complex Through Introducing an Electron-Donating Group in (1H-Pyrazol-1-yl)pyridazine

New deep-blue-emitting materials are crucial for Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) technology, as iridium-based blue emitters often suffer from degradation and inadequate colour purity. Indium(III) complexes offer an alternative, since the d10 configuration of In3+ precludes metal-centred transitions, and emission arises from ligand-centred states via the chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) effect. We previously reported complexes 1 ([In(LH)(H2O)Cl3]) and 2 ([In(LMe)2Cl2][InCl4]), which exhibited excitation-dependent emission, and the electronic transitions were assigned as ILCT for 1 and mixed ILCT/LL’CT for 2. Herein, we present a new complex, complex 3, i.e., [In(LMorph)2Cl2][InCl4], where LMorph contains electron-donating morpholine substituents, in contrast to the acceptor chloride group in LH and LMe. Complex 3 was characterised by elemental CHN analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (SC-XRD), and photoluminescence. The ionic structure of 3 is analogous to 2, with a cis-octahedral [In(LMorph)2Cl2]+ cation and tetrahedral [InCl4]− anion. The UV-Vis spectrum of 3 shows a significant bathochromic shift relative to 1 and 2 which is attributable to the morpholine group. TD-DFT calculations were employed to assign the electronic transitions. The introduction of a morpholino group into the pyridazine ring resulted in significant changes to the solid-state photoluminescence properties of the indium complex: (i) the emission maximum shifted to the red region (CIE 1931 coordinates: 0.1725, 0.2487), (ii) the lifetime increased by an order of magnitude, and (iii) the quantum yield rose to 15%. This work highlights that substituent variation on the pyrazolyl–pyridazine scaffold provides a versatile route to tune the structural and photophysical properties of indium(III) complexes.

Authors

Institutions

Publication Details

Journal
Molecules
Published
2026-09-11
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31183217
Primary Topic
Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

Funders

Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
article

Luminescence Enhancement of an Indium(III) Complex Through Introducing an Electron-Donating Group in (1H-Pyrazol-1-yl)pyridazine

Elvira I. Musina, Евгения Сергеевна Седых, N. F. Romashev, Yulia S. Spiridonova et al.
Molecules
Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research
article

Luminescence Enhancement of an Indium(III) Complex Through Introducing an Electron-Donating Group in (1H-Pyrazol-1-yl)pyridazine

Elvira I. Musina, Евгения Сергеевна Седых, N. F. Romashev, Yulia S. Spiridonova, Katerina A. Vinogradova, Artem L. Gushchin, Alexey Yuryevich Vorob’ev, Veronika Igorevna Komlyagina, Iakov Sergeevich Fomenko, Marat Damirovich Nafikov, Marianna Ivanovna Rakhmanova, Nikita Vasilievich Naletov
article en

Abstract

New deep-blue-emitting materials are crucial for Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) technology, as iridium-based blue emitters often suffer from degradation and inadequate colour purity. Indium(III) complexes offer an alternative, since the d10 configuration of In3+ precludes metal-centred transitions, and emission arises from ligand-centred states via the chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) effect. We previously reported complexes 1 ([In(LH)(H2O)Cl3]) and 2 ([In(LMe)2Cl2][InCl4]), which exhibited excitation-dependent emission, and the electronic transitions were assigned as ILCT for 1 and mixed ILCT/LL’CT for 2. Herein, we present a new complex, complex 3, i.e., [In(LMorph)2Cl2][InCl4], where LMorph contains electron-donating morpholine substituents, in contrast to the acceptor chloride group in LH and LMe. Complex 3 was characterised by elemental CHN analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (SC-XRD), and photoluminescence. The ionic structure of 3 is analogous to 2, with a cis-octahedral [In(LMorph)2Cl2]+ cation and tetrahedral [InCl4]− anion. The UV-Vis spectrum of 3 shows a significant bathochromic shift relative to 1 and 2 which is attributable to the morpholine group. TD-DFT calculations were employed to assign the electronic transitions. The introduction of a morpholino group into the pyridazine ring resulted in significant changes to the solid-state photoluminescence properties of the indium complex: (i) the emission maximum shifted to the red region (CIE 1931 coordinates: 0.1725, 0.2487), (ii) the lifetime increased by an order of magnitude, and (iii) the quantum yield rose to 15%. This work highlights that substituent variation on the pyrazolyl–pyridazine scaffold provides a versatile route to tune the structural and photophysical properties of indium(III) complexes.

MoleculesVol. 31(18)
Novosibirsk State University (RU), Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry (RU), A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry (RU), Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (RU)
Russian Science Foundation
Openalex Percentile: Top 20%
Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.