NEGOTIATING BORDER SECURITY: DIPLOMACY, INTER-AGENCY COORDINATION, AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME GOVERNANCE AT THE KENYA–TANZANIA NAMANGA ONE-STOP BORDER POST

Purpose of Study: This study examines how transborder surveillance approaches influence crime management at the Namanga One-Stop Border Post between Kenya and Tanzania. It focuses on the contribution of the Multi-Agency Command Centre, electronic Customs Manifest Systems, and Image Recognition Technologies, while exploring how institutional coordination and shared security governance shape surveillance effectiveness. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive mixed-methods case study design covering the period 2020–2025. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to border officials and stakeholders, while qualitative data were obtained through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS, and qualitative data were analysed thematically. Findings: The findings demonstrate that integrated surveillance approaches have strengthened crime management at Namanga. The Multi-Agency Command Centre improved information sharing, operational response, and intelligence-led coordination. Electronic Customs Manifest Systems enhanced early detection of suspicious consignments and reduced manual inspection delays through risk-based targeting. Image Recognition Technologies improved traveller identification and deterrence. However, effectiveness remains constrained by staffing shortages, technological incompatibilities, incomplete data, uneven technical training, and governance gaps. The study establishes that surveillance effectiveness depends more on institutional integration, shared intelligence, and coordinated authority than on technology alone. Stronger governance, interoperable systems, and sustained institutional support are therefore essential for improving border security outcomes. Conclusion: Transborder surveillance can significantly enhance crime management when supported by effective inter-agency coordination and shared security governance. The study recommends strengthening the authority and resources of the Multi-Agency Command Centre, harmonizing surveillance systems, improving technical capacity, and embedding human rights safeguards to promote sustainable and accountable border security within the East African Community.