In vivo porcine multi-omics integration identifies microbiome-driven histamine elevation and lasting gut perturbations following Ascaris suum infection and fenbendazole treatment

Ascaris roundworms impair human and swine health. While treatments using anthelmintic drugs are generally effective in eliminating worms, their effects on the gut microenvironment remain poorly understood. Here we applied integrated multi-omics to characterize infection- and treatment-associated alterations in the pig–Ascaris system. In vitro anaerobic cultures were conducted as supportive validation of selected observations. Ascaris suum infection altered microbial composition and dysregulated 182 serum and fecal metabolites, including histamine and p-cresol sulfate. Compared with time-matched uninfected controls, infected pigs treated with fenbendazole showed marked differences in gut microbial composition 13 days after confirmed worm clearance. Eleven microbial pathways were enriched in successfully treated pigs, including peptidoglycan biosynthesis and histidine metabolism, indicating that infection-associated alterations may persist after treatment. In vitro co-exposure of Lactobacillus reuteri to fenbendazole and A. suum proteins increased histamine production by approximately 79% at 48 h (p < 0.05), serving as supportive evidence of a microbiome contribution. Collectively, our in vivo findings support that host–microbiota–parasite interactions are multifaceted. Microbiota-derived metabolites were associated with regulation of host gene expression, such as TFF2 and IL8. Microbiota plasticity allows the exploitation of the niche differentiated upon infection, resulting in the proliferation of certain Lactobacillus strains in treated animals. Nevertheless, interpretations of treatment effects are made cautiously given the absence of an uninfected drug-only group and the cross-sectional design. Understanding these complex interactions will be important for the design of next-generation functional anthelmintics.