Advancing sustainable settlement design through the United Nations sustainable development goals 7 and 11

Forced displacement continues to expand globally, heightening the need for sustainable, resource-efficient approaches to the planning and design of refugee settlements. This study applies the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) as a framework for evaluating and improving settlement design in both existing and greenfield refugee camps. Using policy analysis and international case studies, the research identifies vernacular design strategies, neighbourhood-scale planning principles, and infrastructure considerations which enhance energy access, resilience, safety, and community well-being. Indicators from SDG 7 and 11 are operationalized to assess current conditions and guide the development of adaptable, context-appropriate planning recommendations. The findings contribute a practical planning framework that strengthens sustainability and livability in humanitarian settlements. This study offers planners, policymakers, NGOs, and humanitarian practitioners actionable approaches to improving settlement design while advancing global commitments to sustainable development.