Aging in Rural Areas and the Meanings of Self-Care in the Narrative Identity of Loneliness: A Regional Case in Spain

Loneliness and self-care are central to rural aging, yet they remain underexplored. This qualitative study examined how older adults in rural Spain practiced self-care in relation to loneliness and how these experiences shaped identity and well-being. Two focus groups with older adults (= 10) and five caregiver interviews (= 5) in Castellón were thematically analyzed through a biopsychosocial lens. Social participation supported emotional balance and identity while protecting against loneliness. Gendered patterns shaped caregiving and participation. Routines, social ties, and hope were essential, underscoring the need for policies that strengthen connections and access to resources.