A sociotechnical diagnostic framework for the digital transformation of ports: evidence from six Latin American ports

Abstract Digital transformation has become a strategic priority for port systems seeking to improve operational coordination, efficiency and adaptability. However, digital transformation processes in Latin America remain heterogeneous, with differences in digitization, logistical operation and innovation capabilities. The literature has often addressed these processes through technology-based approaches and digital maturity models rather than through diagnostic frameworks that explicitly consider port capabilities. This article develops a sociotechnical diagnostic framework based on sociotechnical systems theory and a capability-based view, integrating digitization, logistical operation and innovation capabilities. An exploratory mixed methods design was employed, combining a literature review, bibliometric analysis, technology watch exercise, surveys of port professionals and consultations with international experts. The findings suggest perceived capability gaps and uneven capability configurations across the analysed ports. In several cases, higher perceived levels of digitization were not accompanied by equivalent perceived levels of logistical operation and innovation capabilities. These findings indicate that port digital transformation can be diagnostically interpreted through the joint consideration of complementary capability domains. Given the exploratory nature of the study and the use of perceptual data, the results should be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, the proposed framework offers a useful diagnostic tool to inform policy discussions and strategic decision-making aimed at strengthening port capabilities in emerging economies.