A Study on SOC Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the FFRLS-PSO-WMIUKF Algorithm

Accurate estimation of SOC for lithium-ion batteries is a very important job in battery management systems, but under complex dynamic operating conditions, model misalignment often happens, and filtering algorithms usually do not make enough use of historical data, so the estimation accuracy is lowered. This paper puts forward a lithium-ion battery SOC estimation method that is based on weighted multi-innovation unscented Kalman filtering (WMIUKF); a hybrid parameter identification strategy that combines FFRLS and PSO is introduced to supply initial values for the global optimization of the model and to track dynamic drifts. To deal with the problems that the unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) does not make effective use of historical information and lacks an adaptive correction mechanism, multi-innovation theory and exponentially decaying weighting factors are incorporated into it; then, by fusing current and historical multi-step prediction residuals, a weighted freshness matrix can be constructed, and through this the method, we can improve the utilization efficiency of historical data and the system’s ability to resist interference. The performance of the proposed algorithm was validated through comparative experiments under various typical dynamic operating conditions, as well as at different temperatures (0 °C–45 °C) and discharge rates (0.5 C–2 C). The results indicate that the PSO-FFRLS hybrid parameter identification effectively improves model accuracy; compared to the UKF, MIUKF, and PSO-MIUKF algorithms, the WMIUKF achieved optimal SOC tracking under all types of dynamic operating conditions, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of no more than 0.58%. Even under extreme temperatures and high-rate discharge conditions, the error remained stable at a low level, demonstrating good environmental adaptability and robustness.