Single-capture 3D mugshot imaging of the face and neck: adapting a compact mobile system for forensic documentation

Abstract Background Three-dimensional (3D) surface documentation is increasingly recognized as a valuable tool in forensic medicine, yet routine injury recording still relies predominantly on two-dimensional photography. Particularly in the anatomically complex facial and cervical region, planar imaging may limit accurate representation of spatial relationships, depth characteristics, and patterned injury configuration. While large stationary multi-camera systems have demonstrated the feasibility of automated 3D documentation, compact and mobile solutions remain underexplored. This study evaluates the technical feasibility of adapting a compact single-capture 3D facial imaging system, originally developed for aesthetic and dermatological applications, to forensic documentation. Three volunteers underwent 3D facial scanning following application of simulated injury patterns, including blunt-force contusions, abrasions, and petechial markings. Image quality, spatial fidelity, morphometric measurability, visualization layers, and practical handling were assessed descriptively. Results The system generated photorealistic, metrically scaled 3D surface models of the face and neck in a single capture lasting less than one second, with complete automated reconstruction available within approximately 30 s (laptop computer) to 2 min (tablet device) depending on the processing hardware used. Simulated injuries were clearly visualized with preserved shape, colour distribution, and anatomical localization. Linear and angular measurements could be performed directly on the 3D models, and layered visualization modes enhanced depiction of erythematous patterns. Acquisition was rapid, operator-independent, and well tolerated. Conclusion These findings suggest that compact single-shot facial 3D systems may represent a technically viable and logistically practical addition to contemporary forensic imaging workflows. Formal validation under clinical and postmortem conditions remains necessary before routine implementation.