Intelligent Micro/Nanorobots for Targeted Interventional Therapy: From Bench to Clinic

By converting exogenous energy, including chemical, magnetic, optical, and ultrasonic sources, into mechanical forces, micro/nanorobots (MNRs) enable precise actuation at unprecedented scales. Evolving far beyond traditional drug delivery, these active nanodevices have redefined the landscape of interventional surgical therapy by functioning as deployable, intelligent microsurgical agents. This review provides a focused examination of MNRs specifically for targeted interventional therapy procedures. We first established the clinical need for such active systems by outlining the inherent physical limitations of conventional passive instruments (catheters, guidewires, and stents). We then dissected the core magnetic, ultrasonic, light, and chemical actuation and navigation mechanisms that form the physical basis of their surgical ability and analyzed strategies for overcoming in vivo biological barriers. With respect to cutting‐edge applications, we explored their use in endovascular intervention, targeted drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery, tissue regeneration, and neural interfacing. We scrutinized the major translational bottlenecks: the limits of precision control in complex physiology, biosafety and immunogenicity, large‐scale manufacturing, sterilization, and the current regulatory vacuum. Finally, we outlined future directions toward fully wireless, autonomous, and biodegradable surgical paradigms. This review aimed to provide a realistic roadmap, with the goal that while significant hurdles remain, the convergence of materials science, AI, and robotics is paving the way for the first‐in‐human clinical trials of active, energy‐transducing MNRs within the next decade.