Spatial Patterns and Driving Mechanisms of Heritage Resources on Purple Mountain, Nanjing, China, from a Human–Land Coupling Perspective

Grounded in a human–land coupling framework, this study takes Purple Mountain, a representative composite urban mountain heritage site, as the research object. It integrates historical archives, field survey data, and multi-source geospatial data, and adopts a set of GIS-based spatial statistical methods, including the nearest neighbour index, kernel density estimation, standard deviational ellipse, coupling coordination degree model, and Geodetector. This paper systematically explores the spatial differentiation, spatiotemporal evolution, human–land coupling patterns, and multidimensional driving mechanisms of four heritage types: geomorphological relics, ritual architecture, modern commemorative heritage, and eco-scenic heritage. The results show that: (1) Heritage resources across Purple Mountain display statistically significant clustering, with ritual architectural heritage exhibiting the highest agglomeration degree; heritage sites form an east–west high-density corridor along the southern foothills, presenting a consistent northeast–southwest spatial orientation. (2) Purple Mountain heritage has undergone multi-stage diachronic evolution. Jointly driven by topographic constraints and socio-cultural forces, its heritage quantity, spatial coverage, and functions fluctuated across dynasties, with an overall expanding trend. (3) A total of 63.07% of the study area’s grid units are in a near-dissonant human–land coupling state, while highly coordinated units are concentrated in the southern core corridor of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, and Linggu Temple, with remarkable disparities among heritage types in coupling patterns among the four heritage categories. (4) Historical and cultural aggregation density dominates heritage spatial differentiation, while topographic factors show weak explanatory power, and all influencing factor interactions present prominent non-linear enhancement effects. This study establishes a three-level quantitative framework of “spatial pattern—coupling coordination—driving mechanism”, enriching the theoretical framework of human–land coupling for urban mountain heritage, and provides scientific support for refined coordinated governance of mountain heritage embedded in high-density urban environments.