A novel hybrid system: activated carbon from waste biomass and water hyacinth as synergistic adsorbent for efficient methylene blue removal with real-time IoT monitoring

Abstract In this study, we aim to develop a novel, economical, and environmentally sustainable solution for Methylene Blue (MB) removal by synergising Durian Peel Activated Carbon (DPAC) with water hyacinth phytoremediation, integrated with a real-time IoT monitoring system. DPAC material has been confirmed by SEM, FTIR, and XRD analyses to possess a high surface area and active functional groups, both of which are important for dye adsorption. An optimal dose of 2 g of DPAC achieved an initial cycle removal efficiency of over 95% for MB (800 mg/L), significantly improved overall adsorption kinetics, and maintained stability, retaining over 69% efficiency after seven sequential cycles. Real-time monitoring via the IoT system successfully provided crucial dynamic insight, correlating the rapid decolourization observed in UV-Vis spectra with changes in optimal pH (~ 7) and temperature (~ 26 $${^\circ }C $$ ). This hybrid approach demonstrates a robust, cost-effective, and scalable technology for innovative wastewater treatment.