Chronodynamic Relativity: Unifying Cosmic Expansion, Galactic Dynamics, Gravitational Lensing, and CMB Acoustic Peaks from a Single Environmental Scalar Field

Standard Lambda-CDM cosmology requires two dark sector components in non-baryonic cold dark matter (Omega_c ~ 0.26) and dark energy (Omega_Lambda ~ 0.68) and confronts a >5-sigma tension in the Hubble constant H_0 alongside recent DESI 2024 indications of evolving dark energy. We present Chronodynamic Relativity (CR), a first-principles relativistic framework where gravitational dynamics, the low-acceleration scale a_0, and cosmological redshifts are coupled directly to the global cosmic expansion scale and background space energy density scalar field rho_s(x, t). We demonstrate a Conformal Gauge Duality between the primary cosmic scale-expansion metric (ds^2 = -c^2 dt_tilde^2 + a_tilde^2(t_tilde) dx^2) and its variable-lapse metric time dual (ds^2 = -eta^2(t) c^2 dt^2 + dx^2 with eta(z) = (1+z)^(-n/2)), proving that relativistic proper time invariance yields identical physical observables across coordinate representations. Without invoking non-baryonic particles or dynamical dark energy, the framework simultaneously: (1) matches the cosmic expansion history across 1,701 Pantheon+ Type Ia Supernovae (z <= 2.26) under linear physical expansion R(t) proportional to t, addressing the Hubble tension with a unified H_0 = 70.50 km/s/Mpc; (2) derives the Radial Acceleration Relation and flat rotation curves across 175 SPARC galaxies via an algebraic root acceleration g_eff(t) = 0.5 * (g_N + sqrt(g_N^2 + 4 g_N a_c(t))); (3) accounts for the JWST high-redshift galaxy formation timeline at z = 14.32 (JADES-GS-z14-0) and (1+z)^(-2) Tolman surface brightness scaling via rest-frame proper time dilation (tau_proper ~ 1.8-2.2 Gyr); (4) predicts the observed lensing centroid offset in the Bullet Cluster (1E 0657-558) via a 3D space energy density refraction boost (x pi); (5) matches the acoustic peak heights of the Planck 2018 CMB power spectrum via dynamic primordial membrane tension a_c(t) = c / (4 pi t); and (6) reproduces DESI 2024 Year 1 BAO distance scales across all 7 redshift bins (z = 0.295 to 2.330). The theory preserves tensor gravitational wave propagation at the speed of light (c_g = c, satisfying GW170817), reproduces the Colella-Overhauser-Werner quantum gravitational phase shift, and operates with zero internal tunable parameters (k_internal = 0), tying all galactic and cosmological predictions directly to the single measurable physical horizon scale of our universe (R_0 = c / H_0).