Metabolic Engineering for Improving Tobacco Quality: Advances and Perspective

Abstract Tobacco remains a vital global cash crop with diverse economic and industrial uses. Traditional improvement methods, such as breeding and chemical treatments, often lack long-term precision and sustainability. Conversely, metabolic engineering—combining systems and synthetic biology—enables precise modifications of tobacco's metabolic pathways, allowing control over key compounds such as terpenoids and alkaloids. This approach offers a more efficient and environmentally friendly alternative. The review explores the challenges and mechanisms associated with four major tobacco quality traits—aroma, health, functionality, and combustion—and examines corresponding metabolic engineering strategies. It concludes by summarizing key findings and suggesting future research avenues to advance the field.