A sustainable techno-economic off-grid energy systems feasibility and power generation performance analysis under various solar tracking configurations in different regions of Bangladesh

The dependable electrification of off-grid communities in Bangladesh continues to be a significant challenge, with the techno-economic feasibility of decentralized solar photovoltaic (PV) systems heavily impacted by the selection of solar tracking configurations and notable regional variations in irradiance. This study assesses a photovoltaic-based off-grid hybrid energy system in five sample regions of Bangladesh, especially for presuming the community exhibits a diurnal peak pattern primarily driven by daytime activities, aiming to determine the configuration that provides the optimal combination of economic, technical, and environmental performance. Three solar tracking systems; Horizontal Continuous Adjustment (HCA), Vertical Continuous Adjustment (VCA), and Two-Axis Tracking (TA) are methodically evaluated in comparison to a Fixed Tilt (FT) baseline. The optimization systems were performed using the HOMER Pro with an emphasis on power generation performance analysis in the representative regions, with evaluation based on Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), Return on Investment (ROI), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), payback period, capacity deficit, unmet load, surplus energy, and renewable energy portion. The findings consistently indicate that the FT Case I (PV-Diesel-Battery) configuration is the most sustainable option across all five regions, achieving the lowest NPC ($ 456,000–480,000) and COE ($ 0.207–0.218/kWh), alongside robust investment metrics (ROI: 27–30%; IRR ≈ 30%; payback period: 3.0–3.5 years). The arrangement exhibits substantial operational reliability, with a capacity shortage (CS) of roughly 0.07%, an unmet load (UL) of about 0.01%, and a moderate excess energy (EE) ranging from 14 to 24%, signifying adequate system sizing. A continuous renewable proportion of 75–85% yields significant emission savings compared to traditional diesel-based systems. The results offer quantitative direction for the implementation of economical and dependable solar hybrid systems in off-grid areas of Bangladesh.