Functionalization of unbleached Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. handsheets with lignocellulose nanofibers and chitosan/titanium dioxide surface coating

Abstract Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl ( B. vulgaris ) is a promising fiber source in pulp and papermaking due to its rapid growth, high cellulose content, and abundance. This study examined the effects of handsheet functionalization with lignocellulosic nanofiber (LCNF, 0, 10, and 15 wt%) combined with chitosan/nano-titanium dioxide (CTS/NT) surface coating on chemical, physical, morphological, and barrier properties. Handsheets were produced from B. vulgaris kraft pulp, with LCNF mechanically ground. CTS/NT suspension was applied via spray coating. Chemical analysis revealed high holocellulose (93.40 %) and alpha-cellulose (76.26 %), with low residual lignin (3.65 %). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed cellulose and lignin in pulp and LCNF, and coating retention in samples. Handsheets with 15 wt% LCNF and CTS/NT showed enhanced tensile index (TSI) and folding endurance (FE), with a declined tear index. Brightness increased while opacity remained stable. Morphological analysis revealed reduced porosity and a coating layer on treated samples. CTS/NT significantly improved barrier properties, achieving water contact angles (WCA) of 116–127° (vs. 0° in uncoated). These findings demonstrate that bamboo handsheets functionalized with LCNF and CTS/NT offer a biodegradable, high-performance alternative to synthetic materials for food, nutritional, and pharmaceutical packaging applications.