maternal microbiota-responsive single-nucleus atlas

A total of nine Rongchang piglets were included in the study. Three GF piglets were euthanized and sampled at postnatal day 0 (GFD0) to establish the baseline developmental profile. The remaining six piglets were randomly allocated into two groups (n = 3 per group): a GF group maintained in sterile isolators until postnatal day 30 (GFD30) and a maternal microbiota transplantation group receiving maternal microbiota transplantation and maintained until postnatal day 30 (MMTD30). To prevent potential cross-contamination between experimental conditions, GFD30 and MMTD30 piglets were housed separately in identical sterile isolators under continuous environmental monitoring and strict GF management procedures.