VATICAN LAW. TORTURE AND PUNISHMENT IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE

The Evolution of Torture: West, East, and the Spiritual Dimension ROMAN LOW IN THE EAST, polynomy and anarchy in the West. Abstract: This comparative study examines the legal frameworks, punitive philosophies, and torture practices across three major historical spheres: Orthodox Byzantium, Roman Catholic Western Europe, and the Ottoman Empire who captured the Greek Orthodox world for seven centuries). By tracing their legal evolution from the 6th century through the early modern era, this article highlights the fundamental divergence between legal traditions, judicial professionalism, and the ideological motives behind state and religious violence.