Numerical Simulation of Heat-and-Aerodynamic Cycles in a Multilayer Composite Wall Ventilated Façade System Using ANSYS Software Under Hot Climate Conditions

This article investigates the numerical simulation of heat-and-aerodynamic cycles in the ventilated air gap of a multilayer composite wall façade system in a hot climate using ANSYS 19/2 Fluent. Standard normative techniques rely on averaged, stationary boundary conditions and account for neither the height-wise inequality of solar exposure nor the dependence of air density and viscosity on barometric pressure and temperature, resulting in significant errors in predicting the actual heating of such structures. The model was calibrated on the authors’ own full-scale, in situ measurements of temperature, air speed and solar exposure in the ventilated gap of a nine-storey building, from which linear height-dependent surface-temperature relations were derived and used as boundary conditions for 3D models of façades 25 and 60 m tall. Thirty-two finite-volume experiments were performed under free convection (Boussinesq approximation), varying gap width (5 and 10 cm), inlet width (20 and 40 cm), barometric pressure (690 and 770 mmHg) and external air temperature (20 and 40 °C). Façade height proved the dominant factor (air speed up to 1.8 times higher, temperature 3–12.1 °C higher), followed by gap width (speed lower by 1.7 times, temperature by 3–5 °C), whereas pressure and inlet width altered the results by no more than 6%. Discrepancies with the standard calculation reached 10 °C in temperature and a two-fold difference in flow speed, confirming the need for verified CFD simulation when designing ventilated composite wall façades in hot climates.