Dialects and Daughter Languages of South Estonian

South Estonian has traditionally been classified in Estonian dialectology as a dialect group of Estonian, whereas historical-comparative linguistics has increasingly recognised it as an early-diverging Finnic language. At the same time, its contemporary varieties—Võro, Seto, Mulgi, and Tartu—have followed different sociolinguistic trajectories and are increasingly regarded by their speakers as separate languages. This article presents a conceptual synthesis and qualitative comparative analysis of evidence from historical-comparative linguistics, dialectology, sociolinguistics, and language planning in order to re-evaluate the relationship between historical South Estonian and its contemporary varieties. It argues that South Estonian is best understood as a historical Abstand language, while Võro, Seto, Mulgi, and Tartu are more appropriately regarded as its contemporary daughter languages. This framework reconciles genealogical classification with present-day sociolinguistic realities and provides a more coherent basis for language classification, language standardisation, language planning, and language revitalisation.