Conceptual Design Proposal for the Implementation of a Digital Twin Laboratory for Electrical Networks

Current electrical systems are undergoing a profound transformation due to the massive integration of renewable energy sources and power electronics, exceeding the capabilities of traditional simulation tools. Digital Twins (DTs) have emerged as a strategic solution by enabling a bidirectional and real-time connection between physical assets and their virtual replicas. This paper presents a conceptual design proposal for a DT laboratory for electrical networks, developed from the analysis of twelve representative case studies of internationally recognized DT laboratories. The analyzed laboratories were evaluated using a technological integration scale to identify common technological trends and experimental capabilities. The results indicate that most of the selected laboratories operate at Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) and Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) maturity levels, with a predominant focus on smart grids and distribution systems. Based on these findings, a conceptual laboratory architecture organized into four functional stages is proposed as a scalable cyber–physical environment for technology validation and advanced training in the electrical sector.