Price-Derived Headline Market-Impact Labels for Bitcoin Forecasting with Multivariate Transformers

Financial time-series forecasting remains challenging because of high volatility, nonlinear market dynamics, and the growing volume of heterogeneous information available to market participants. This study investigates Bitcoin forecasting in a big-data setting by combining high-frequency market data aggregated to hourly forecasting features, news headlines, Bitcoin on-chain variables, and broader macro-financial indicators. Rather than treating headline sentiment as a predefined categorical property, we construct continuous headline-conditioned market-impact labels from short-horizon Bitcoin price responses, directional volume imbalance, and volatility conditions. A chronology-controlled expanding-window FinBERT procedure generates scores without reusing each headline’s own future-derived target. The scores are integrated into multivariate Bitcoin forecasting using iTransformer, with LSTM as a benchmark. Evaluation uses repeated runs, benchmarks, Diebold–Mariano tests, backtesting, and forecast-free momentum controls. The headline-derived signal exhibits a measurable but temporally heterogeneous association with subsequent Bitcoin movements. Adding the headline score yields small, statistically non-significant error reductions for iTransformer, whereas it significantly worsens LSTM forecasts. Backtesting shows no consistent improvement in terminal portfolio value, but the headline feature alters the risk–return profile in several strategy configurations. Overall, the study provides a chronology-aware evaluation of whether headline-conditioned market-impact signals add predictive or economic value, while acknowledging residual dependence from exploratory iTransformer architecture selection.