International consensus guidance for general population screening for islet autoantibodies to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes: a nominal group technique process

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that targets and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets. The incidence of type 1 diabetes is rising globally. At the clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, between 20% and 67% of children and adolescents present with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) requiring hospitalisation, and one-third of these require intensive care. Type 1 diabetes can be detected in early stages, prior to the insulin-requiring clinical diagnosis, through screening for islet autoantibodies (IAbs). Identifying individuals with early-stage type 1 diabetes, combined with monitoring of and education on disease progression, prevents DKA and results in a milder clinical onset. This allows for timely insulin initiation in outpatient settings and improved long-term glucose management. Early diagnosis also enables access to novel disease-modifying therapies that can delay the clinical onset of diabetes. In this international consensus, we provide guidance on the principles and practice of implementing general population screening for IAbs to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes. We also outline the minimum requirements for establishing effective population screening programmes to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes through IAb detection. This consensus statement has been endorsed by the following professional associations: Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes (ATTD); Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists (ADCES); Association Belge Du Diabète; Associazione Medici Diabetologi (AMD); Australian Diabetes Society (ADS); Belgian Diabetes Liga; Breakthrough T1D; Czech Diabetes Society (ČDS); EASD; Finnish Diabetes Association (FDS); Fondazione Italiana Diabete (FID); International Diabetes Federation (IDF)-Europe; International Society of Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD); Paediatric Endocrinology Nursing Society (PENS); Polish Diabetes Society; Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP); Sociedade Portuguesa de Diabetologia (SPD); Società Italiana di Diabetologia (SID); Société Francophone du Diabète (SFD) and Type 1 Diabetes Exchange (T1D Exchange).

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Journal
Diabetologia
Published
2026-09-10
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06841-z
Primary Topic
Diabetes and associated disorders
Type
article
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article

International consensus guidance for general population screening for islet autoantibodies to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes: a nominal group technique process

Darja Šmigoc Schweiger, Zdenĕk Šumnı́k, Kirstine J. Bell, Riitta Veijola et al.
Diabetologia
Diabetes and associated disorders
article

International consensus guidance for general population screening for islet autoantibodies to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes: a nominal group technique process

Darja Šmigoc Schweiger, Zdenĕk Šumnı́k, Kirstine J. Bell, Riitta Veijola, Roberto Mallone, John M. Wentworth, Anastasia Albanese-O’Neill, L. A. DiMeglio, Anette‐Gabriele Ziegler, Helena Elding Larsson, Kurt Griffin, Stephen S. Rich, Agnieszka Szypowska, Jurgen Vercauteren, Sanjoy Dutta, Diane K. Wherrett, Karin Lange, Laura M. Jacobsen, Tal Oron, Brigitte I. Frohnert, Caitrin W. McDonough, William A. Hagopian, Marian J. Rewers, Parth Narendran, Peter Achenbach, Ezio Bonifacio
article en

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that targets and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets. The incidence of type 1 diabetes is rising globally. At the clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, between 20% and 67% of children and adolescents present with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) requiring hospitalisation, and one-third of these require intensive care. Type 1 diabetes can be detected in early stages, prior to the insulin-requiring clinical diagnosis, through screening for islet autoantibodies (IAbs). Identifying individuals with early-stage type 1 diabetes, combined with monitoring of and education on disease progression, prevents DKA and results in a milder clinical onset. This allows for timely insulin initiation in outpatient settings and improved long-term glucose management. Early diagnosis also enables access to novel disease-modifying therapies that can delay the clinical onset of diabetes. In this international consensus, we provide guidance on the principles and practice of implementing general population screening for IAbs to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes. We also outline the minimum requirements for establishing effective population screening programmes to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes through IAb detection. This consensus statement has been endorsed by the following professional associations: Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes (ATTD); Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists (ADCES); Association Belge Du Diabète; Associazione Medici Diabetologi (AMD); Australian Diabetes Society (ADS); Belgian Diabetes Liga; Breakthrough T1D; Czech Diabetes Society (ČDS); EASD; Finnish Diabetes Association (FDS); Fondazione Italiana Diabete (FID); International Diabetes Federation (IDF)-Europe; International Society of Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD); Paediatric Endocrinology Nursing Society (PENS); Polish Diabetes Society; Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP); Sociedade Portuguesa de Diabetologia (SPD); Società Italiana di Diabetologia (SID); Société Francophone du Diabète (SFD) and Type 1 Diabetes Exchange (T1D Exchange).

Diabetologia
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), The University of Sydney (AU), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (GB), The Royal Melbourne Hospital (AU), University of Ljubljana (SI), Inserm (FR), Tel Aviv University (IL), University of Toronto (CA), Lund University (SE), University of South Dakota (US), Université Paris Cité (FR), Charles University (CZ), Medical University of Warsaw (PL), Oulu University Hospital (FI), Hospital for Sick Children (CA), Ljubljana University Medical Centre (SI), Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (US), Helmholtz Zentrum München (DE), University of Florida (US), Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE), Hôpital Cochin (FR), Queen Elizabeth Hospital (GB), Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR), Breakthrough (US), Schneider Children's Medical Center (IL), Skåne University Hospital (SE), SickKids Foundation (CA), Institut Cochin (FR), Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE), German Center for Diabetes Research (DE), Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (DE), Benaroya Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (DE), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE), University of Virginia (US), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (US), Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (US), Technical University of Munich (DE), St Vincents Institute of Medical Research (AU), Technische Universität Dresden (DE), University of Birmingham (GB), Florida College (US), University of Oulu (FI), KU Leuven (BE)
Openalex Percentile: Top 11%
Diabetes and associated disorders
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