From bubble–particle aggregate formation to froth stability in mineral flotation: mechanistic links and controlling factors

Froth is an indispensable component of the flotation process, and its stability determines both the recovery and the separation efficiency. Accordingly, from the perspectives of the pulp phase and froth phase in the flotation system, this review elucidates the bubble-particle interactions during the froth formation stage and focuses on various factors influencing flotation froth stability, including the types of flotation reagents, parameters of the flotation solution environment, and particle properties. The findings highlight the decisive role of these factors in influencing the drainage rate of froth liquid films and the coalescence between bubbles through the interfacial arrangement process of reagents, the arrangement behavior of particles in Plateau borders, and the degree of froth surface coverage, and consequently in determining froth stability. Future directions in advanced froth observation techniques, deepening of simulation and modeling studies, reagent design, and interdisciplinary integration are provided to guide the precise regulation and optimization of the flotation froth transport process.