Functional Typology Formation in Industrial Heritage Adaptive Reuse: A Multi-Case Configurational Analysis Based on the TOE Framework

The adaptive reuse of industrial heritage produces diverse functional outcomes, yet how multiple conditions combine to shape these outcomes remains unclear. This study adapts the technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework to industrial heritage reuse and applies crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA) to 58 projects. The analysis examines convertibility, digital technology adoption, ultimate controller, value factor, policy environment, and locational environment as conditions for cultural, commercial, and public-service functional outcomes. No single condition was necessary across all three outcomes; sufficiency analysis identified five cultural, four commercial, and four public-service configurational paths. Cultural outcomes showed diverse configurational paths, commercial outcomes centered on relatively stable market-oriented conditions, and all public-service paths shared a nonprofit ultimate controller as a core condition. Across the analyzed cases, the formation of functional types exhibited multi-condition conjunction and equifinality, with condition roles varying across configurations and outcomes. Robustness checks showed that the dominant configurations remained relatively stable under the tested thresholds, whereas supplementary configurations were more sensitive to the case-frequency cutoff. The findings indicate that the TOE framework can be contextually translated to the setting of industrial heritage adaptive reuse and used for configurational comparisons across the three functional outcomes.