PROVINCES AND GOVERNORS IN THE ERA OF THE PROPHET (1-11 AH) (622-632 AD)

Abstract This paper has discussed a topic of utmost importance, shedding light on the initial steps taken towards the establishment of Islamic state during the era of prophethood, and the stages that the state went through from the migration of the Prophet (peace be upon him) until his death. The paper has also investigated the factors that influenced the geographical and political expansion of the state until its primary foundation was established, with all tribes and socio-political entities in the Arabian Peninsula declaring their allegiance to the state, either by embracing Islam or seeking protection as non-Muslim subjects (dhimmis). The paper has explored the stages through which Islam entered all the regions that formed the Islamic state, providing an overview of these regions, their inhabitants, and the religions of their people before the advent of Islam. It has documented examples of correspondence between the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the tribal leaders, inviting them to Islam and explaining its principles, and he promised to maintain their leadership positions if they responded positively to his invitation. Furthermore, the paper has presented profiles of the governors appointed by the Prophet (peace be upon him) and discusses the criteria for their selection. It has also presented examples of the recommendations and guidance that the Prophet (peace be upon him) provided to these governors. The study has concluded with several significant findings. Firstly, it has highlighted the enormous impact of the conquest of Makkah in the eighth year of the Hijra on the tribes' declaration of their acceptance of Islam. Some of the tribes embraced Islam out of genuine conviction, while others believed they could not resist the growing power of the Islamic state. Secondly, the paper also highlighted the criteria adopted by the Prophet (peace be upon him) in selecting governors, which confirmed that he did not appoint individuals who actively sought positions of power and governance.