From Venom to Kidney Injury: A Critical Review of Daboia siamensis Envenoming

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe complication of Eastern Russell’s viper (Daboia siamensis) envenoming, but species-specific mechanisms, treatment effects, and long-term outcomes remain uncertain. This review addressed four questions: the human renal evidence specific to D. siamensis; venom and host pathways contributing to AKI; conclusions supported for antivenom timing and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA); and quantifiable long-term kidney risk. PubMed and OpenAlex were searched from inception through 3 August 2026. Species-authenticated human evidence was separated from mixed-species or D. russelii studies and from venom-analytical and experimental evidence. Referral cohorts show AKI and dialysis burdens, but heterogeneous ascertainment, definitions, and care preclude pooled incidence. Proteomic and experimental studies support interacting coagulopathic, endothelial, hemodynamic, pigment, inflammatory, and direct renal pathways; no human study quantifies their relative contribution, and no D. siamensis study localizes specific venom antigens within renal tissue. Observational data support prompt use of indicated, regionally appropriate antivenom but do not validate a universal two-hour renal-protection threshold. TMA and long-term outcome evidence remain largely indirect. Serial renal and coagulation surveillance is warranted irrespective of whether injury is direct or indirect. Prospective, species-authenticated studies linking venom kinetics and toxin profiles to standardized renal phenotypes and follow-up are required.